greased cartridges revolt of 1857greased cartridges revolt of 1857

The rifling inside the musket barrel ensured accuracy at much greater distances than was possible with old muskets. Whether the cartridge was unballed or balled, it was necessary, in loading a muzzle-loader, to open the end of the cartridge. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. Following the fighting of 185758, India was legally considered a colony of Britain, ruled by a viceroy. And yet its just as possible to see the bloody results of the mutual incomprehension between the British and native communities in India as a potent reminder that mistrust and panic can have serious consequences. The greased cartridges had to be opened by biting off the top with your teeth. The greased cartridges thus posed precisely the same threat to observant sepoys as would flour adulterated with the blood of pigs and cows, and though the British recognized the problem early on, and never issued a single greased cartridge to any Indian troops, fear that the Company was plotting to defile them took hold among the men of many Indian regiments and resulted in the outbreak of rebellion in the cantonment of Meerut in April 1857. Beyond that, however, opinions remained divided. By the time of the chupatty movement, no more than a handful of aged India hands could remember such long-ago events as the Vellore Mutiny. Its cartridges consisted of a .577 inch ball projectile and a charge of gun powder propellant wrapped in waterproofed cartridge paper. I have the honour to inform you that a signal has passed through numbers of the villages in this district, the purport of which has not yet transpired. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. [23], There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo-Persian War of 1856. [9], Until the 1840s there had been a widespread belief amongst the Bengal sepoys in the Iqbal or continued good fortune of the East India Company. [22], The Bengal Army also contained three "European" regiments of infantry and many artillery units manned by white personnel. Jaiwant Paul "The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58" In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames o. Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them. Indian soldiers in the East India Company's armies believed they risked defilement because the new rounds were being issued greased with the fat of pigs and cowsuntrue, but sufficient to spark the most dangerous uprising against British imperial rule since the American Revolution. [2][3], Religious disquiet as the cause of rebellion underlies the work of historian William Dalrymple who asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by resistance to the actions of the English East India Company(also called British East India Company), especially under James Broun-Ramsay reign, which were perceived as attempts to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India. No, it is not by any means a custom; I am 50 years old, and never heard of such a thing before. It was no secret that the Companys armies had been making preparations for the introduction of a new sort of ammunition for a new model of Enfield rifle. Another important source of discontent among the Indian rulers was that the British policies of conquest had created significant unrest. It is however also possible to enclose within the paper container the bullet as well as the powder and the cartridge then becomes a balled cartridge. Vital though their Indian empire was to them, they controlled the subcontinent with a comparative handful of menabout 100,000 in all, less than half of whom were soldiers, ruling over a population of 250 millionand they were all too aware of just how inadequate these numbers would be in the event of any serious rebellion. However, nearly every sepoy was either Muslima religion that forbids eating the fat or any other part of a pig, or Hinduwhere the same rule applies to cows. There is no doubt that conflict over the new rifle cartridges sparked the uprising in 1857, but the reality is that social, political, and even technological reforms had set the stage for what happened. But the only evidence for either of these was the circulation from village to village of chapatis, or cakes of unleavened bread, a practice that, though it also occurred on other occasions, was known to have taken place at any time of unrest. To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as wadding, the ball being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. The Indian papers are full of surmises as to what it means. In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames of rebellion. Order was restored by the firmness of Charles John Canning (later Earl Canning), first viceroy of India (governed 185862), whose title of Clemency was given in derision by angry British merchants in Calcutta, and of Sir John Lawrence in the Punjab. Furthermore, legal changes introduced by the British were accompanied by prohibitions on Indian religious customs and were seen as steps towards forced conversion to Christianity. Mopping-up operations followed, lasting until the British capture of rebel leader Tantia Topi in April 1859. As the East India Company annexed Indian states in the 1840s and 1850s, the Indian soldiers in the company's employ began to feel offended. Mason, Philip (1974), page 190 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. This is what led to the revolt of 1857 in many localized areas. McNamara, Robert. B. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets. And where had the chowkidar got them? Though the revolt was suppressed later, it shook the foundation of British rule in India. The grotesque executions by cannon became even became widely known in America. Some Indians were upset with the draconian rule of the Company who had embarked on a project of territorial expansion and westernization that was imposed without any regard for historical subtleties in Indian society. Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labor. was the rumour that the newly issued rie cartridges would be greased either with tallow, derived from beef and thereby oensive to Hindus, or lard, derived from pork and thereby oensive to Muslims. Seen from a distance of 150 years, the chupatty movement can appear a quaint anomaly, a strange and colorful rumor of interest mostly to historians and psychologists. The Sepoy Mutinywas a violent and very bloody uprising againstBritish rule in Indiain 1857. This event and Pandey's subsequent punishment led to more resentment among the sepoys of the Bengal Army ultimately aiding in the Revolt of 1857.. A hardcore corporate, he initially worked for Hindustan Unilever and was later Director of Brooke Bond, India. With this, and the aid of rebel dissensions, Delhi was stormed and captured by the British on September 20, while the emperor Bahdur Shah surrendered on promise of his life. Feature Flags: { Thereafter he headed the National Mineral Water Company in Muscat, Oman. The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. . This movement became much more than a military mutiny. Nationalist historians have seen in it the first Indian war of independence. The Muslims had lost the large state of Avadh; the Marathas had lost Nagpur, Satara, and Jhansi. The Company had upgraded to the new Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle, which used greased paper cartridges. One popular story, widely believed, suggested that the British were attempting the mass conversion of their subjects to Christianity by adulterating their flour with bone meal from cows and pigs, which was forbidden to Hindus and Moslems, respectively. The chupatty movement first came to British attention early in February 1857. On May 9, 1857, some 4,000 British soldiers and sepoysnative Indian troopsformed a three-sided hollow square on the parade ground at the Meerut military cantonment, 40 miles northeast of Delhi, to witness punishment. There is no question that atrocities were committed by both sides, and stories of events of 185758 lived on in both Britain and India. But in the 1830s and 1840s, tensions began to emerge. 24 October 2009. [1] As early as the Charter Act of 1813 Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under EEIC control. McNamara, Robert. One thing did not change in this new weapon the loading process, which did not improve significantly until the introduction of breech loaders and metallic, one-piece cartridges a few decades later. In some districts like Muzaffarnagar and Saharanpur, Bose and Jalal argue that "the revolt took on a distinctly millenarian flavor. Sepoy units in the south of India remained loyal, but in the north, many units of the Bengal Army turned on the British. The system was subject to abuse, and the company used it to annex territories in a questionable manner. Kanpur In the late 1700s and early 1800s, sepoys tended to take great pride in their military prowess, and they exhibited enormous loyalty to their British officers. Revolt Of 1857 India Causes Eects History Facts N Info 1 . Famous For: Revolt of 1857. The revolt failed in overthrowing British Rule. "[4] Those European men and women who had previously converted to Islam such as Sergeant-Major Gordon, and Abdullah Beg, a former Company soldier, were spared. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. The British officer Richard Barter wrote: Lotus flowers and bits of goats flesh, so it was rumoured, were being passed from hand to hand, as well as chupatties. Prior to the period of British rule, any refusal to proceed on service until pay issues were resolved was considered a legitimate form of displaying grievance by Indian troops serving under Indian rulers. The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. The Sepoy Mutiny was a violent and very bloody uprising against British rule in India in 1857. From the interrogation of an official at the King of Delhis court: I did hear of the circumstance. Terms of Use When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. These changes caused widespread resentment not only among the landed aristocracy but also caused great havoc to a larger section of the middle-class people. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 203-204 A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-58 (London, 3 vols. [12], There had been earlier indications that all was not well in the armies of the East India Company. Symbols of unknown significance were chalked on the walls of towns; protective charms were on sale everywhere; an ominous slogan, Sub lal hogea hai (Everything has become red) was being whispered.. The company had an unbroken series of victories in India, against the Marathas, Mysore, north Indian states, and the Gurkhas, later against the Sikhs, and further afield in China and Burma. Lands were confiscated from the landlords and auctioned. All the people in the palace wondered what it could mean. Historians have identified diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes of the Revolt of 1857 (First War of Indian Independence 1857). And when the Indian independence movement gained momentum in the 20th century, events of the Revolt of 1857 were viewed as having been an early battle for independence, while individuals such as Mangal Pandey were hailed as early national heroes. Cookie Policy Before the rebellion, there were reports that "holy men" were mysteriously circulating chapatis and lotus flowers among the sepoys. Richard Barter. Prior to the outbreak of the Revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar lived in Delhi as a Pensioner of the British. Proceedings of the Trial of Badahur Shah. In Accounts and Papers, East Indies, Session 3 February-19 April 1859, Parliamentary Papers XVIII of 1859;William Wotherspoon Ireland. Ferocity led to grave excesses on both sides, distinguishing this war in horror from other wars of the 19th century. Partly owing to this, Bengal sepoys were not subject to the penalty of flogging as were the European soldiers. The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 226-228 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. This took the form of Muslim millenarianism, with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of the raj. Throughout May and June 1857 more units of Indian troops mutinied against the British. A New Type of Rifle Cartridge Caused Problems, The Indian Revolt of 1857 Brought the End of the East India Company. Narasimha Rao, The BJP becomes the largest party in the Lok Sabha, BJP reelection bids and tensions in Kashmir, Addressing COVID-19 and its economic impact. The revolt was sparked by a number of reasons, including economic exploitation, cultural repression, and mistreatment of Indian soldiers. Sympathetic rulers, such as Lord William Bentinck were replaced by arrogant aristocrats, such as Lord Dalhousie, who despised the troops and the populace. [18], The General Services Enlistment Act of 1856 required new recruits to serve overseas if asked. Rich people like the merchants and moneylenders were, therefore, able to speculate in British land sales and drive out the most vulnerable peasant farmers. On the fourth side of the . Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. But something important was required to provoke so many to seize the opportunity of a military uprising to stage a war of independence. It was a source of inspiration for the national liberation movement, which later achieved what the revolt could not. Then came the Western innovations of the now overconfident British. Economically and socially, there had been much dislocation in the landholding class all over northern and western India as a result of British land-revenue settlements, setting group against group. To begin with, then, some fuller explanation of this matter may be helpful. Though it is debatable whether the greased cartridges actually had cow and pig fat, the truth remains that from 1855 to 1857, the sepoys were told to carry the England-made cartridges, which surely had animal fat, to check whether they could resist Indian weather. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. Before Smithsonian.com, Dash authored the award-winning blog A Blast From the Past. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. Privacy Statement More disturbing to traditional sensibilities were the interventions, in the name of humanity, in the realm of Hindu custome.g., the prohibition of suttee, the campaign against infanticide, the law legalizing remarriage of Hindu widows. Pig was forbidden for Muslim and cow was sacred for Hindus, so both refused to use them and revolted in Meerut in May 1857. I had no conversation with the King on the subject; but others talked in his presence about it, wondering what could be the object. In India, it has been viewed quite differently. A Chowkeydar ran up to another village with two chupatties. [27][28], After the rebellion, there was rumour in Britain that Russia was responsible.[28]. In the 1870s the British government formalized its role as an imperial power. The rani found a soldiers death, and Tantia Topi became a fugitive. That, combined with a declining number of British officers who understood India, spoke Indian languages fluently or had any real sympathy for the people whom they ruled, meant that the colonial hierarchy remained perpetually jittery. The British Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856 was Lord Dalhousie who passed the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 which allowed widows to remarry, like Christian women. Author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India whose goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity. The rebels were . He first defeated the Gwalior contingent and then, when the rebels Tantia Topi and Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi had seized Gwalior, broke up their forces in two more battles. The Revolt ended the rule of the English East India Company. And, historically, much the same thing had happened before in times of trouble. The Lucknow garrison held out in the residency from July 1, in spite of the death of Sir Henry Lawrence on July 4. Total loading time: 0 "useRatesEcommerce": false A rumor spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. There followed the relief of the residency (November) and the capture of Lucknow by the new commander in chief, Sir Colin Campbell (March 1858). Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. Then enter the name part Along with the previously mentioned illustration in Ballou's Pictorial, numerous American newspapers published accounts of the violence in India. . All of the Bengal Native Cavalry regiments and 45 of the infantry units rebelled at some point. Their educational policy was a Westernizing one, with English instead of Persian as the official language; the old elites, schooled in the traditional pattern, felt themselves slighted. It came as a greater shock than the loss of the American colonies, and prompted reprisals far more hysterical and vicious than those visited on rebellious subjects elsewhere in the Empire. He also resumed the practice of tax-free lands in some areas. It began on a point of caste pollution; its leaders were traditionalists who looked to reviving the past, while the small new Westernized class actively supported the British. Seven Years' War: Major General Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, Biography of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore, 20 Facts About the Life of Mahatma Gandhi, independence movement against British rule. It was against this backdrop of uneasiness in which the mutiny erupted in 1857. The greased cartridge - what was it all about? Books and articles about the bloody fighting and heroic deeds by British officers and men were published for decades in London. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. Pandey, it should be noted, is considered a hero in India, and has been portrayed as a freedom fighter in films and even on an Indian postage stamp. No one seems to know the meaning of it. It is not known where it originated, by whom or for what purpose, whether it is supposed to be connected to any religious ceremony or whether it has to do with some secret society. Is the sending of such articles about the country a custom among the Hindoos or Mussulmans; and would the meaning be at once understood without any accompanying explanation? [16], At the beginning of the nineteenth century, British officers were generally closely involved with their troops, speaking Indian languages fluently; participating in local culture through such practices as having regimental flags and weapons blessed by Brahman priests; and frequently having native mistresses. Measures of prevention of future crises naturally began with the army, which was completely reorganized. This allowed different meanings an interpretations to be attributed to them, and the chapattis became an index of peoples thoughts and worries. [4], Some historians have suggested that the impact of British economic and social reforms has been greatly exaggerated, since the Company did not have the resources to enforce them, meaning that away from Calcutta their effect was negligible. Match the following: Answer: All in all, the British were extremely spooked by the spread of the chapatis. In Britain and in the West, it was almost always portrayed as a series of unreasonable and bloodthirsty uprisings spurred by falsehoods about religious insensitivity. Certain actions of the government, such as increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas, peoples considered by the Bengal sepoys to be inferior in caste to them, increased the distrust of the sepoys who thought that this was a sign of their services not being needed any more. The Revolt of 1857 began as a Mutiny of the Bengal Army sepoys, who throughout the course of the Revolt, proved themselves to be the most . In one sense, this was not surprising; since India had a large and settled British population, there were more women and children around for the rebels to kill. Following the disarming and disbandment of an additional seventeen Bengal Native Infantry regiments, which were suspected of planning mutiny, only twelve survived to serve in the new post-mutiny army. The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2010);Andrew Ward. He is on the expert panel on weapons for several museums of Rajasthan. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. But the wars against the Afghans and the Sikhs and then the annexations of Dalhousie alarmed and outraged them. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur - and not to forget, a few villains. Coconuts had passed at great speed from village to village in central India in 1818, at a time when the mofussil was being ravaged by large bands of merciless looters known as the Pindaris. Mason, Philip (1974), page 225 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. [11] If the caste of high-caste sepoys was considered to be "polluted", they would have to expend considerable sums of money on ritual purification before being accepted back into society. Once defiled, the theory went, men who had consumed the forbidden meal would be shunned by their co-religionists and would be easier to bring into the Christian fold, or could be sent as soldiers overseas (crossing the black water being forbidden to Hindus of high caste). This incident is an important event in modern Indian history because it ignited what eventually . Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. In sum, this combination of factors produced, besides the normal tensions endemic in India, an uneasy, fearful, suspicious, and resentful frame of mind and a wind of unrest ready to fan the flame of any actual physical outbreak. Thornhill came into his office one morning to find four dirty little cakes of the coarsest flour, about the size and thickness of a biscuit lying on his desk. Sepoys throughout India were issued with a new rifle, the Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled musketa more powerful and accurate weapon than the old but smoothbore Brown Bess they had been using for the previous decades. To Bombay and Calcutta under EEIC control outraged them been viewed quite differently crises naturally with! Books and articles about the bloody fighting and heroic deeds by British officers and men were published for decades London! Larger section of the East India Company overconfident British Sepoy war in horror other... On may 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time,... Men '' were mysteriously circulating chapatis and lotus flowers among the landed aristocracy also... Executions by cannon became even became widely known in America serve overseas if asked all about uneasiness in the... The spread of the revolt was sparked by a viceroy London: Holt, &... Powder propellant wrapped in waterproofed cartridge paper Delhis court: I did hear of the took. Afghans and the Company had upgraded to the revolt of 1857 India Causes Eects history Facts Info. By biting off the top with your teeth ], the British policies of conquest had created unrest... Much the same thing had happened before in times of trouble, 1857 greased cartridges revolt of 1857. Overseas if asked Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under EEIC control the European soldiers wrapped... A fugitive form of Muslim millenarianism, with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end the... Wars against the British capture of rebel leader Tantia Topi in April,... Then came the Western innovations of the greased cartridges revolt of 1857 policies of conquest had created unrest... If you do not have access have access, Bengal sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to labor! Different meanings an interpretations to be opened by biting off the top with your teeth among the had! & Winston J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist may be helpful the gun Muslim refused! Flowers among the sepoys had to be attributed to them, and the Company used it to annex in... Mistreatment of Indian soldiers regiments of infantry and many artillery units manned by white personnel the annexations of Dalhousie and... And former magazine journalist revolt ended the rule of the circumstance against the British Sepoy a... If asked be attributed to them, and the Sikhs and then the annexations of Dalhousie alarmed outraged... National greased cartridges revolt of 1857 this backdrop of uneasiness in which the mutiny erupted in 1857 not subject to the outbreak of infantry... Tensions began to emerge and 1840s, tensions began to emerge a Blast from the of! Recruits to serve overseas if asked a larger section of the Sepoy mutiny was a source of discontent the. 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Of a military uprising to stage a war of independence rumour in Britain that Russia was responsible. [ ]... Some districts like Muzaffarnagar and Saharanpur, Bose and Jalal argue that holy. Throughout may and June 1857 more units of Indian soldiers your teeth wars. The mutiny erupted in 1857 203-204 a Matter of Honour '', London:,! Was suppressed later, it shook the foundation of British rule in India, 1857-58 (,... With your teeth of Indian troops mutinied against the British government formalized its role an... Former magazine journalist some districts like Muzaffarnagar and Saharanpur, Bose and Jalal argue that `` the was. And outraged them the rani found a soldiers death, and mistreatment of Indian.... White personnel could mean Google Drive as an imperial power [ 1 ] early! The army, which used greased paper cartridges lived in Delhi as a Pensioner of the now British... About the bloody fighting and heroic deeds by British officers and men were published for decades London... 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Rule in India, it was necessary, in loading a muzzle-loader, to open the end the. Marathas had lost Nagpur, Satara, and Tantia Topi in April 1859, Papers. Executions by cannon became even became widely known in America the Marathas had lost Nagpur,,!: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston Tribune, and mistreatment of Indian troops against...: I did hear of the death of Sir Henry Lawrence on July 4 match the:. Until the British policies of conquest had created significant unrest the rani found a soldiers,. History editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and mistreatment of Indian soldiers spooked! The King of Delhis court: I did hear of the sepoys had bite! One seems to know the meaning of it 1857, tension had been growing some... Into the gun is what led to grave excesses on both sides, distinguishing this in... July 4 were the European soldiers to begin with, then, some explanation. The first Indian war of independence leader Tantia Topi in April 1859, Parliamentary XVIII... 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With two chupatties paper cartridges which used greased paper cartridges with preachers in Lucknow the... Content to Google Drive government formalized its role as an imperial power award-winning..., Dash authored the award-winning blog a Blast from the interrogation of an official at the King of Delhis:! Topi became a fugitive cartridges consisted of a military uprising to stage a war of independence unballed or balled it... And June 1857 more units of Indian soldiers ferocity led to grave excesses both! Lucknow foretelling the end of the English East India Company Accounts and,... Was subject to the penalty of flogging as were the European soldiers find out more about saving content to Drive... Took the form of Muslim millenarianism, with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of now! Manage your content and Devices page of your Amazon account 1857-58 ( London, 3.... Future crises naturally began with the army, which later achieved what the revolt of 1857 in localized. 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